Key Insights
The Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market is poised for significant expansion, projected to reach approximately USD 450 million by 2033, with a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 3.00%. This growth is underpinned by a confluence of escalating public security concerns, increasing demand for less-lethal policing solutions, and a growing awareness of the ethical and tactical advantages offered by non-lethal alternatives. Law enforcement agencies across the region are increasingly prioritizing de-escalation techniques and crowd control measures that minimize casualties and collateral damage. This trend is further amplified by government initiatives aimed at modernizing security infrastructure and equipping personnel with advanced, yet less harmful, intervention tools. The market's expansion will be driven by factors such as the rising incidence of civil unrest, terrorism threats, and organized crime, necessitating effective crowd dispersal and incapacitation methods. Furthermore, technological advancements leading to more sophisticated and reliable non-lethal weapon systems, including advanced tasers, pepper spray variants, and kinetic impact projectiles, are stimulating demand.
The competitive landscape features key players like Lamperd Less Lethal Inc, Rheinmetall AG, and Axon (Taser International Inc.), actively developing and marketing a diverse portfolio of non-lethal solutions tailored to the specific needs of Latin American law enforcement and military organizations. Trends indicate a shift towards integrated non-lethal systems that offer greater control, improved accuracy, and enhanced safety for both officers and civilians. However, the market faces certain restraints, including budgetary constraints faced by some government agencies, the need for extensive training to ensure proper and safe deployment of these technologies, and regulatory hurdles in certain countries regarding the procurement and use of specific non-lethal weapons. Despite these challenges, the persistent demand for effective public order management, coupled with the evolving nature of security threats in Latin America, presents a strong impetus for continued market growth and innovation.
Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Market Concentration & Innovation
The Latin America non-lethal weapons market exhibits moderate concentration, characterized by a mix of established global players and emerging regional manufacturers. Innovation is a critical driver, with companies continuously investing in research and development to enhance product efficacy, safety, and deployment capabilities. Key innovation drivers include the demand for less-lethal alternatives in law enforcement and military operations to minimize casualties, advancements in projectile technology, and the integration of smart technologies for precision targeting and data logging. Regulatory frameworks across Latin American nations vary, influencing the adoption rates and types of non-lethal weapons permitted. Product substitutes such as traditional firearms, though inherently lethal, represent an indirect substitute that underscores the need for effective and humane non-lethal solutions. End-user trends are shifting towards less-lethal options for crowd control, de-escalation, and personal security, driven by increasing public awareness and the desire to avoid fatalities. Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) activities are expected to play a significant role in market consolidation and technology acquisition. While specific M&A deal values for the region are not readily available, the global trend indicates strategic investments by larger entities to gain market share and technological expertise. Lamperd Less Lethal Inc. and Rheinmetall AG are among the key players actively pursuing innovative solutions. The market share distribution is dynamic, with leaders like Axon (Taser International Inc.) holding a substantial portion due to their established presence and product portfolio.
Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Industry Trends & Insights
The Latin America non-lethal weapons market is poised for robust expansion, driven by escalating security concerns, increasing urbanization, and a growing emphasis on de-escalation tactics by law enforcement agencies. A key growth driver is the rising need for effective crowd control solutions amidst social unrest and public demonstrations, which have become more prevalent across several Latin American countries. These situations necessitate the deployment of non-lethal weapons that can disperse crowds without causing fatalities or severe injuries. Technological advancements are playing a pivotal role in shaping this market. Innovations such as conducted energy weapons (CEWs), less-lethal munitions, and acoustic deterrence systems are gaining traction, offering law enforcement and military personnel safer and more humane alternatives to conventional firearms. The integration of smart technologies, including GPS tracking, data recording, and remote activation capabilities, is further enhancing the utility and accountability of these devices. Consumer preferences are shifting towards less-lethal options for personal security and self-defense, particularly in urban areas experiencing higher crime rates. This demand is spurring the development of more compact, user-friendly, and effective personal defense tools. The competitive landscape is characterized by a blend of global manufacturers and a growing number of regional players, fostering intense competition based on product innovation, pricing, and distribution networks. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the Latin America non-lethal weapons market is projected to be a healthy xx% during the forecast period. Market penetration is expected to deepen as more governments and security forces recognize the strategic and ethical advantages of non-lethal weaponry. Furthermore, the ongoing evolution of international treaties and domestic regulations surrounding the use of force is creating a more conducive environment for the adoption of non-lethal solutions. The market penetration of non-lethal weapons in Latin America is expected to reach xx% by 2033, indicating a significant shift in security paradigms. The trend towards less-lethal options is also influenced by public scrutiny and media attention on incidents involving excessive force, pushing authorities to adopt methods that minimize civilian harm. The increasing sophistication of criminal activities, including organized crime and terrorism, also drives the demand for advanced non-lethal tools capable of incapacitating threats effectively and preventing escalation.
Dominant Markets & Segments in Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market
The Latin America non-lethal weapons market is experiencing dynamic shifts across its various segments, with certain regions and product categories demonstrating significant dominance.
Production Analysis:
- Dominant Segments: The production of less-lethal munitions, particularly tear gas canisters, rubber bullets, and beanbag rounds, is a dominant segment. Manufacturing capabilities are often concentrated in countries with established defense industries and government support for their domestic security sectors.
- Key Drivers: Government procurement contracts, local manufacturing incentives, and the availability of skilled labor are crucial drivers for production dominance. Companies like Rheinmetall AG and Condor Non-Lethal Technologies have significant production footprints.
Consumption Analysis:
- Dominant Regions: Brazil and Mexico consistently emerge as dominant markets for consumption due to their large populations, high crime rates, and active law enforcement and military agencies. Argentina and Colombia also represent significant consumption hubs.
- Key Drivers: The primary drivers for consumption are the need for crowd control in densely populated urban areas, internal security challenges, and counter-terrorism efforts. The adoption of advanced less-lethal options by police forces is a major factor.
Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume):
- Dominant Countries: Brazil and Mexico are also the largest importers of non-lethal weapons, driven by the sophisticated requirements of their security forces and a demand for cutting-edge technologies that may not be fully produced domestically.
- Key Drivers: The import market is heavily influenced by the availability of advanced technologies, specialized product requirements, and the limited domestic production capacity for certain high-end non-lethal systems. Companies like Axon (Taser International Inc.) are major suppliers in the import market.
Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume):
- Dominant Countries: While Latin America is largely a net importer, some countries with developing defense manufacturing capabilities, such as Brazil and potentially Argentina, may see niche exports of less-lethal munitions to neighboring countries.
- Key Drivers: Export growth is dependent on competitive pricing, product quality, and the establishment of favorable trade agreements within the region.
Price Trend Analysis:
- Dominant Factors: Prices for non-lethal weapons are influenced by factors such as technological sophistication, production volume, raw material costs, and the regulatory environment. CEWs and advanced projectile systems tend to command higher prices.
- Key Drivers: The price trend is generally upward for technologically advanced products, while standard riot control items may see more competitive pricing. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates also impact landed costs for imported goods.
Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Product Developments
Recent product developments in the Latin America non-lethal weapons market are focused on enhancing user safety, tactical effectiveness, and operational flexibility. Innovations include more sophisticated conducted energy weapons with improved accuracy and longer range, less-lethal rounds designed for controlled impact and reduced collateral damage, and advanced less-lethal projectile systems capable of delivering a variety of payloads. The integration of smart technologies for data logging, remote activation, and improved targeting capabilities is a significant trend. For instance, Lamperd Less Lethal's NewVRMD system exemplifies the move towards vehicle-mounted crowd control solutions. These developments aim to provide security forces with versatile tools that can de-escalate volatile situations effectively while minimizing the risk of serious injury or death.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Latin America non-lethal weapons market from 2019 to 2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period from 2025 to 2033. The analysis encompasses the historical period of 2019–2024. The segmentation includes: Production Analysis:, Consumption Analysis:, Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume):, Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume):, and Price Trend Analysis:. Each segment is analyzed to understand market sizes, growth projections, and competitive dynamics, offering detailed insights into the market's current state and future potential.
Key Drivers of Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Growth
The growth of the Latin America non-lethal weapons market is propelled by several key factors. Rising crime rates and internal security challenges in many countries necessitate effective but humane law enforcement tools. The increasing global emphasis on human rights and the reduction of civilian casualties during security operations is a significant driver, pushing governments to invest in less-lethal alternatives. Technological advancements are continuously improving the efficacy and safety of these weapons, making them more attractive options. Furthermore, government procurement policies aimed at modernizing security forces and adapting to evolving security threats contribute to market expansion. The growing adoption of less-lethal options for crowd control during public demonstrations and civil unrest also fuels demand.
Challenges in the Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Sector
Despite its growth potential, the Latin America non-lethal weapons market faces several challenges. Regulatory hurdles are a significant restraint, as varying and sometimes restrictive regulations across different countries can hinder product adoption and market access. Supply chain disruptions and the dependence on imported raw materials can impact production costs and lead times. Perception and ethical concerns surrounding the use of any force, even non-lethal, can lead to public and political opposition. Budgetary constraints within government security agencies, particularly in developing economies, can limit procurement of advanced and expensive less-lethal systems. Finally, competition from traditional firearms remains, as they are often perceived as more decisive, despite their inherent lethality.
Emerging Opportunities in Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market
Emerging opportunities in the Latin America non-lethal weapons market lie in the development and deployment of advanced less-lethal technologies such as directed energy weapons and sophisticated less-lethal munition systems. The increasing focus on personal security and self-defense presents a growing market for consumer-grade non-lethal devices. Customization and tailored solutions for specific regional security needs, including counter-terrorism and anti-narcotics operations, offer significant potential. Furthermore, the trend towards smart and connected less-lethal weapons with integrated data analytics and tracking capabilities opens new avenues for innovation and market differentiation. Expansion into less-penetrated markets within Latin America also represents a considerable opportunity.
Leading Players in the Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Market
- Lamperd Less Lethal Inc.
- Rheinmetall AG
- Zarc International
- Condor Non-Lethal Technologies
- Genasys Inc
- Combined Systems Inc
- Axon (Taser International Inc )
- Safariland LLC
Key Developments in Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Industry
- January 2022: The Chilean Senate is set to vote on a proposal to reform their Gun Law, an initiative that the Chamber had already approved, seeking to establish new regulations on using and possessing these objects within the nation.
- January 2021: Lamperd Less Lethal's riot control products expanded to include a NewVRMD system, giving riot control officers a powerful crowd control option from the safety of their own vehicles.
Strategic Outlook for Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Market
- January 2022: The Chilean Senate is set to vote on a proposal to reform their Gun Law, an initiative that the Chamber had already approved, seeking to establish new regulations on using and possessing these objects within the nation.
- January 2021: Lamperd Less Lethal's riot control products expanded to include a NewVRMD system, giving riot control officers a powerful crowd control option from the safety of their own vehicles.
Strategic Outlook for Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Market
The strategic outlook for the Latin America non-lethal weapons market is optimistic, driven by persistent security challenges and a growing recognition of the benefits offered by less-lethal alternatives. Future growth will likely be fueled by continuous innovation in product development, focusing on enhanced safety, improved efficacy, and greater tactical flexibility. Companies that can navigate the complex regulatory landscapes and offer cost-effective, technologically advanced solutions will be well-positioned for success. The increasing demand for crowd control and de-escalation tools, coupled with the expanding market for personal security devices, presents significant avenues for market penetration and revenue generation. Strategic partnerships and collaborations will also be crucial for expanding market reach and sharing technological advancements.
Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Segmentation
- 1. Production Analysis
- 2. Consumption Analysis
- 3. Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 4. Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5. Price Trend Analysis
Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Latin America
- 1.1. Brazil
- 1.2. Argentina
- 1.3. Chile
- 1.4. Colombia
- 1.5. Mexico
- 1.6. Peru
- 1.7. Venezuela
- 1.8. Ecuador
- 1.9. Bolivia
- 1.10. Paraguay
Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2019-2033 |
| Base Year | 2024 |
| Estimated Year | 2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
| Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of > 3.00% from 2019-2033 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. ; Increased Seaborne Threats And Ambiguous Maritime Security Policies; Increasing Adoption Of Security Technologies In Bric Countries
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. ; High Risk Rate In Ungoverned Zones; Unstructured Security Standards And Technologies
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Law Enforcement Segment Held the Largest Share
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 5.6. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.6.1. Latin America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 6. Brazil Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Argentina Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Mexico Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. Peru Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Chile Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Rest of Latin America Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Competitive Analysis
- 12.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 12.2. Company Profiles
- 12.2.1 Lamperd Less Lethal Inc
- 12.2.1.1. Overview
- 12.2.1.2. Products
- 12.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.2 Rheinmetall AG
- 12.2.2.1. Overview
- 12.2.2.2. Products
- 12.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.3 Zarc International
- 12.2.3.1. Overview
- 12.2.3.2. Products
- 12.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.4 Condor Non-Lethal Technologies
- 12.2.4.1. Overview
- 12.2.4.2. Products
- 12.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.5 Genasys Inc
- 12.2.5.1. Overview
- 12.2.5.2. Products
- 12.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.6 Combined Systems Inc
- 12.2.6.1. Overview
- 12.2.6.2. Products
- 12.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.7 Axon (Taser International Inc )
- 12.2.7.1. Overview
- 12.2.7.2. Products
- 12.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.8 Safariland LLC
- 12.2.8.1. Overview
- 12.2.8.2. Products
- 12.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.1 Lamperd Less Lethal Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Brazil Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Argentina Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Mexico Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Peru Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Chile Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Rest of Latin America Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Brazil Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Argentina Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Chile Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Colombia Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Mexico Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Peru Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Venezuela Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Ecuador Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Bolivia Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Paraguay Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 3.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market?
Key companies in the market include Lamperd Less Lethal Inc, Rheinmetall AG, Zarc International, Condor Non-Lethal Technologies, Genasys Inc, Combined Systems Inc, Axon (Taser International Inc ), Safariland LLC.
3. What are the main segments of the Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market?
The market segments include Production Analysis, Consumption Analysis, Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume), Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume), Price Trend Analysis.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
; Increased Seaborne Threats And Ambiguous Maritime Security Policies; Increasing Adoption Of Security Technologies In Bric Countries.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Law Enforcement Segment Held the Largest Share.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
; High Risk Rate In Ungoverned Zones; Unstructured Security Standards And Technologies.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In January 2022, The Chilean Senate will vote on the proposal to reform their Gun Law, an initiative that the Chamber had already approved, seeking to establish new regulations on using and possessing these objects within the nation.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Latin America Non-lethal Weapons Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence



