Key Insights
The Microwave Devices market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing demand across key application segments. A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.23% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a steadily expanding market. The strong growth is fueled by the escalating adoption of microwave technology in space and communication systems, medical applications (such as medical imaging and therapeutic devices), and the defense sector (for radar systems and communication equipment). Advancements in semiconductor technology, miniaturization trends, and the development of high-frequency components are key technological drivers. While challenges such as stringent regulatory compliance and the high cost of advanced devices exist, the overall market outlook remains positive. The increasing integration of microwave technology into various consumer electronics and industrial applications within the "Others" segment also contributes to the market's expanding potential. Competitive dynamics are shaped by a mix of established players like Toshiba, Thales, and L-3 Communications, alongside smaller, specialized companies. Regional variations are likely to exist, with North America and Europe potentially holding larger market shares initially due to their advanced technological infrastructure and strong presence of key industry players. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to demonstrate significant growth over the forecast period, driven by increased investments in infrastructure and technological advancements within this region.
The forecast period (2025-2033) promises continued growth, particularly in emerging markets, as the adoption of microwave technologies expands into new applications. This expansion is likely to be fueled by further miniaturization, improved efficiency, and the development of more cost-effective solutions. The competitive landscape will likely remain dynamic, with ongoing innovation and potential mergers and acquisitions shaping the market structure. Companies will focus on developing differentiated products and expanding their global reach to capitalize on regional growth opportunities. Successful players will need to adapt to changing regulatory landscapes, ensure efficient supply chains, and maintain a focus on research and development to stay ahead in this rapidly evolving technological landscape.

Microwave Devices Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global Microwave Devices Market, offering valuable insights for industry stakeholders, investors, and strategic decision-makers. The study covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base and estimated year. The report meticulously examines market dynamics, growth drivers, challenges, and emerging opportunities, providing a detailed forecast for 2025-2033. Key market segments (By Application: Space & Communication, Medical, Defense, Others (Commercial)) are thoroughly analyzed, alongside a competitive landscape featuring prominent players such as Toshiba Corporation, TMD Technologies Ltd, L-3 Communications, Richardson Electronics Limited, Thales Group, CableFree, Electron Energy Corporation, Cytec Corporation, Teledyne Technologies, Communications & Power Industries LLC, and API Technologies (AEA Investors LP). The report also incorporates key industry developments and trends influencing market growth.
Microwave Devices Market Concentration & Innovation
The Microwave Devices market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, with a handful of established players commanding significant market share. While precise figures are proprietary to the full report, Toshiba Corporation and Thales Group are estimated to hold leading positions, each controlling around xx% of the market in 2025. However, the market is characterized by ongoing innovation, driven by the increasing demand for high-performance microwave components in various sectors. This innovation manifests in the development of advanced materials, miniaturization techniques, and improved power efficiency. Regulatory frameworks, particularly those related to defense and aerospace applications, significantly influence market dynamics. Strict standards and certifications often create barriers to entry for smaller players. Product substitution is a factor, with advancements in solid-state technologies offering alternatives to traditional microwave tubes in some applications. End-user trends, especially in 5G infrastructure development and the expansion of satellite communication networks, are major growth catalysts. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity has been moderate in recent years, with deal values averaging around xx Million annually. Several notable acquisitions focused on enhancing technological capabilities and expanding market reach. For example, the acquisition of [Company A] by [Company B] in [Year] expanded the market share of [Company B] in the [Specific Segment].
Microwave Devices Market Industry Trends & Insights
The global Microwave Devices market is experiencing robust growth, with a projected CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is fueled by several key factors, including the burgeoning demand for advanced communication technologies (5G, satellite communication), the expansion of the defense and aerospace sectors, and increased adoption of microwave technology in medical applications (e.g., cancer treatment). Technological disruptions, such as the development of GaN and other advanced semiconductor materials, are driving improvements in microwave device performance, efficiency, and miniaturization. Consumer preferences for higher bandwidth, faster data speeds, and reliable connectivity are also influencing market growth. Competitive dynamics are intense, with established players investing heavily in R&D to maintain their market share and smaller companies aiming to differentiate themselves through innovation and niche market penetration. The market penetration of advanced microwave devices, like those using GaN technology, is expected to increase from xx% in 2025 to xx% by 2033, showcasing the rapid technological shift within the industry.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Microwave Devices Market
The North American region currently dominates the Microwave Devices market, driven by strong defense spending, the presence of major technology companies, and substantial investments in infrastructure development. The Space & Communication segment is the largest revenue-generating application segment, followed by Defense and Medical applications.
Key Drivers for North American Dominance:
- Strong government investment in defense and aerospace programs.
- Advanced technological infrastructure and a skilled workforce.
- High adoption rates of microwave technology across various sectors.
Space & Communication Segment Analysis: The dominance of this segment is primarily attributed to the burgeoning demand for high-bandwidth satellite communications, the expansion of 5G networks, and the growing use of microwave technology in radar systems. The continued growth of the aerospace sector further fuels the expansion of this segment. Competition in this sector is high, with companies focused on developing high-performance, reliable components that meet the stringent demands of space applications.
Defense Segment Analysis: The Defense segment benefits from consistently high government expenditure on military and defense systems. The development of sophisticated radar systems, communication equipment, and electronic warfare systems necessitates the continuous improvement and adoption of advanced microwave devices. This segment is particularly sensitive to geopolitical instability and defense budgets, making its growth outlook dependent on geopolitical factors.
Medical Segment Analysis: The increasing use of microwave technology in medical applications, such as cancer treatment and imaging, is driving steady growth in this segment. The development of more precise and effective microwave-based medical devices is spurring expansion in the medical field.
Others (Commercial) Segment Analysis: This segment includes diverse applications, like industrial heating and processing, which show moderate but steady growth. The affordability and accessibility of microwave technology within several industrial sectors, such as food processing, contribute to its growth within this segment.
Microwave Devices Market Product Developments
Recent product innovations focus on enhanced performance, miniaturization, and improved efficiency. The adoption of GaN and other wide-bandgap semiconductors is enabling the development of more powerful, compact, and energy-efficient microwave devices. This technological advancement expands applications into areas previously inaccessible due to limitations in size and power consumption. The integration of advanced packaging and manufacturing techniques further improves the performance and reliability of microwave devices, enhancing their market fit across various sectors.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
The report segments the Microwave Devices market by application: Space & Communication, Medical, Defense, and Others (Commercial).
Space & Communication: This segment is projected to witness significant growth, driven by increasing satellite deployments and the expansion of 5G infrastructure. Market size is estimated to be xx Million in 2025 and is expected to reach xx Million by 2033. Competition is fierce among established players vying for market share through technological advancements and cost optimizations.
Medical: The Medical segment experiences moderate growth, driven by advancements in microwave-based therapies and diagnostic tools. Market size is estimated at xx Million in 2025, projected to reach xx Million by 2033. This segment emphasizes safety and regulatory compliance, driving innovation in medical device design.
Defense: This segment maintains stable growth, largely influenced by government spending and military modernization programs. The market size is estimated at xx Million in 2025 and is expected to reach xx Million by 2033. The defense sector demands high reliability and performance, driving investment in robust and advanced microwave technologies.
Others (Commercial): This segment includes diverse applications and exhibits steady growth. Market size is estimated at xx Million in 2025, projected to reach xx Million by 2033. Competition is less intense compared to the other segments, with numerous niche players catering to specific industrial applications.
Key Drivers of Microwave Devices Market Growth
Several factors propel the growth of the Microwave Devices market. Technological advancements, including the development of GaN-based devices and improved packaging techniques, enhance performance and efficiency. Economic factors such as increased government spending on defense and communication infrastructure, coupled with rising demand from emerging economies, contribute significantly. Furthermore, favorable regulatory policies supporting technological innovation and the expansion of 5G networks provide a conducive environment for market growth. The increasing adoption of microwave technology in diverse applications, including healthcare and industrial processes, further contributes to overall market expansion.
Challenges in the Microwave Devices Market Sector
The Microwave Devices market faces challenges such as stringent regulatory requirements and compliance costs, especially in medical and aerospace applications. Supply chain disruptions can impact the availability of raw materials and components, affecting production and delivery timelines. Intense competition among established players and the emergence of new entrants create pricing pressures and necessitate ongoing innovation. These factors collectively impact profitability and potentially hinder market growth. For example, the supply chain disruptions of [Year] reduced global production by approximately xx% and increased component costs by xx%.
Emerging Opportunities in Microwave Devices Market
Emerging opportunities exist in expanding applications of microwave technology in emerging markets, particularly in developing nations. Advancements in materials science and fabrication techniques continually open new avenues for performance improvements and miniaturization. The growing adoption of 5G and satellite communication networks, alongside increasing demand for high-bandwidth applications, provides substantial growth potential. The development of new applications in various sectors, such as automotive radar and smart grid technologies, also presents exciting opportunities for market expansion.
Leading Players in the Microwave Devices Market Market
- Toshiba Corporation
- TMD Technologies Ltd
- L-3 Communications
- Richardson Electronics Limited
- Thales Group
- CableFree
- Electron Energy Corporation
- Cytec Corporation
- Teledyne Technologies
- Communications & Power Industries LLC
- API Technologies (AEA Investors LP)
Key Developments in Microwave Devices Market Industry
- Jan 2023: Toshiba Corporation announced the launch of a new high-power GaN amplifier, significantly expanding its product portfolio.
- March 2022: L-3 Communications acquired [Company Name], bolstering its position in the defense sector.
- June 2021: Thales Group unveiled a new generation of microwave components for satellite communication systems.
- (Further developments can be included here as data becomes available)
Strategic Outlook for Microwave Devices Market Market
The future of the Microwave Devices market appears bright, driven by persistent technological advancements and increasing demand across various sectors. The convergence of 5G, satellite communication, and other high-bandwidth technologies will propel significant growth. The continued investment in R&D by key players will lead to further innovation, expanding applications and improving efficiency. The market's growth trajectory is expected to remain positive over the next decade, presenting significant opportunities for both established players and new entrants.
Microwave Devices Market Segmentation
-
1. Application
- 1.1. Space & Communication
- 1.2. Medical
- 1.3. Defense
- 1.4. Others (Commercial)
Microwave Devices Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. North America
- 2. Europe
- 3. Asia Pacific
- 4. Rest of the World

Microwave Devices Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 3.23% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. ; Increasing Demand for Secured Military Communication; Rapid Commercialization of Microwave Devices in the Telecommunication Industry
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. ; High Technological Cost of Microwave Devices
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Space Exploration Offers Potential Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.1.1. Space & Communication
- 5.1.2. Medical
- 5.1.3. Defense
- 5.1.4. Others (Commercial)
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.2.2. Europe
- 5.2.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.2.4. Rest of the World
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6. North America Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.1.1. Space & Communication
- 6.1.2. Medical
- 6.1.3. Defense
- 6.1.4. Others (Commercial)
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7. Europe Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.1.1. Space & Communication
- 7.1.2. Medical
- 7.1.3. Defense
- 7.1.4. Others (Commercial)
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8. Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.1.1. Space & Communication
- 8.1.2. Medical
- 8.1.3. Defense
- 8.1.4. Others (Commercial)
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9. Rest of the World Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.1.1. Space & Communication
- 9.1.2. Medical
- 9.1.3. Defense
- 9.1.4. Others (Commercial)
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10. North America Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 10.1.1.
- 11. Europe Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1.
- 12. Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1.
- 13. Rest of the World Microwave Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1.
- 14. Competitive Analysis
- 14.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 14.2. Company Profiles
- 14.2.1 Toshiba Corporation
- 14.2.1.1. Overview
- 14.2.1.2. Products
- 14.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.2 TMD Technologies Ltd
- 14.2.2.1. Overview
- 14.2.2.2. Products
- 14.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.3 L-3 Communications
- 14.2.3.1. Overview
- 14.2.3.2. Products
- 14.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.4 Richardson Electronics Limited*List Not Exhaustive
- 14.2.4.1. Overview
- 14.2.4.2. Products
- 14.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.5 Thales Group
- 14.2.5.1. Overview
- 14.2.5.2. Products
- 14.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.6 CableFree
- 14.2.6.1. Overview
- 14.2.6.2. Products
- 14.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.7 Electron Energy Corporation
- 14.2.7.1. Overview
- 14.2.7.2. Products
- 14.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.8 Cytec Corporation
- 14.2.8.1. Overview
- 14.2.8.2. Products
- 14.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.9 Teledyne Technologies
- 14.2.9.1. Overview
- 14.2.9.2. Products
- 14.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.10 Communications & Power Industries LLC
- 14.2.10.1. Overview
- 14.2.10.2. Products
- 14.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.11 API Technologies (AEA Investors LP)
- 14.2.11.1. Overview
- 14.2.11.2. Products
- 14.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.1 Toshiba Corporation
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Europe Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Europe Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Rest of the World Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Rest of the World Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: North America Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: North America Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: North America Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: North America Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Europe Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: Europe Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Rest of the World Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Rest of the World Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Rest of the World Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Rest of the World Microwave Devices Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Microwave Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global Microwave Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Microwave Devices Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 3.23%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Microwave Devices Market?
Key companies in the market include Toshiba Corporation, TMD Technologies Ltd, L-3 Communications, Richardson Electronics Limited*List Not Exhaustive, Thales Group, CableFree, Electron Energy Corporation, Cytec Corporation, Teledyne Technologies, Communications & Power Industries LLC, API Technologies (AEA Investors LP).
3. What are the main segments of the Microwave Devices Market?
The market segments include Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
; Increasing Demand for Secured Military Communication; Rapid Commercialization of Microwave Devices in the Telecommunication Industry.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Space Exploration Offers Potential Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
; High Technological Cost of Microwave Devices.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Microwave Devices Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Microwave Devices Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Microwave Devices Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Microwave Devices Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence