Key Insights
The Integrated Traffic System (ITS) market is poised for substantial expansion, driven by global urbanization, escalating traffic congestion, and the imperative for enhanced road safety and efficiency. The market is projected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.53%. The global ITS market size was valued at 11.68 billion in the base year 2025 and is expected to continue its upward trajectory. Key growth catalysts include government smart city development initiatives, advancements in sensor technology (including infrared and weigh-in-motion systems), and the deployment of sophisticated hardware such as radar systems, surveillance cameras, and digital display boards. These technological integrations enable real-time traffic monitoring, incident management, and optimized traffic flow, thereby reducing congestion and improving safety. Market segmentation indicates strong demand across various sensor types and hardware components, with infrared sensors and surveillance cameras expected to lead due to their extensive applications in traffic management and monitoring. Geographically, North America and Europe currently dominate the market, while the Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to experience significant growth fueled by rapid urbanization and increased infrastructure investment in key economies. Despite challenges such as high initial investment and the need for robust cybersecurity, the market outlook remains overwhelmingly positive, underscoring the critical need for efficient and safe traffic management solutions in increasingly populated urban environments.
Integrated Traffic System Market Market Size (In Billion)
The competitive landscape comprises established industry leaders such as Sensys Gatso Group, Sumitomo Electric, Siemens, Swarco, and Kapsch Trafficcom, alongside emerging technology innovators. Strategic partnerships and continuous technological innovation are pivotal for competitive advantage. Future growth is expected to be significantly influenced by the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning for predictive traffic modeling and the integration of autonomous vehicles. Further market segmentation is anticipated based on application, including intelligent transportation systems (ITS) for highways, urban areas, and private parking facilities. The synergy between ITS and other smart city initiatives, such as public transportation management, will be instrumental in shaping market dynamics and ensuring holistic system efficiency. Furthermore, a growing emphasis on sustainability and energy efficiency will drive innovation, leading to the development of eco-friendly ITS solutions.
Integrated Traffic System Market Company Market Share
Integrated Traffic System Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This detailed report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Integrated Traffic System market, offering actionable insights for stakeholders across the value chain. The study period spans from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base and estimated year. The forecast period covers 2025-2033, and the historical period encompasses 2019-2024. The report segments the market by sensors (Infra-Red Sensors, Weigh-in-Motion Sensors, Acoustic Sensors, Others) and hardware type (Display Boards, Radars, Surveillance Cameras, Others), offering granular market sizing and growth projections. Leading players like Sensys Gatso Group, Sumitomo Electric, Siemens, Swarco, LG CNS, Kapsch Trafficcom, FLIR, and Jenoptics are analyzed for their market share, strategic initiatives, and competitive positioning. The report's value surpasses xx Million.
Integrated Traffic System Market Concentration & Innovation
This section analyzes the competitive landscape of the Integrated Traffic System market, examining market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory frameworks, and market dynamics. The market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with the top five players holding an estimated xx% market share in 2025. Innovation is driven by advancements in sensor technology, particularly in the areas of AI-powered analytics and IoT integration. Stringent government regulations regarding road safety and traffic management are key drivers for market growth. The increasing adoption of smart city initiatives and the rising demand for efficient traffic solutions further fuels market expansion. The report details M&A activities within the sector, with notable deals totaling xx Million in the period 2019-2024, highlighting a trend towards consolidation.
- Market Concentration: Top 5 players hold xx% market share (2025).
- Innovation Drivers: AI-powered analytics, IoT integration, advanced sensor technologies.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Stringent road safety regulations driving adoption.
- Product Substitutes: Limited direct substitutes; competition primarily from alternative solutions.
- End-User Trends: Increasing demand from municipalities and transportation authorities.
- M&A Activities: xx Million in deal value (2019-2024), indicating industry consolidation.
Integrated Traffic System Market Industry Trends & Insights
The Integrated Traffic System market is experiencing robust growth, driven by several key factors. The global CAGR is projected to be xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Increased urbanization and the consequent rise in traffic congestion are major drivers. Technological advancements, such as the integration of AI and machine learning for improved traffic management, are transforming the market. Government initiatives promoting smart cities and sustainable transportation further accelerate market expansion. The market penetration of ITS solutions varies significantly across regions, with developed nations exhibiting higher adoption rates. Competitive dynamics are shaped by technological innovation, pricing strategies, and strategic partnerships.
Dominant Markets & Segments in Integrated Traffic System Market
North America currently dominates the Integrated Traffic System market, driven by robust infrastructure development and advanced technological adoption. Within the sensor segment, Infra-Red sensors hold the largest market share due to their wide applicability and cost-effectiveness. Among hardware types, surveillance cameras are the leading segment due to their ability to provide real-time monitoring and data collection.
- Key Drivers in North America: Advanced infrastructure development, high government spending on transportation, early adoption of smart city initiatives.
- Infra-Red Sensors: High market share due to cost-effectiveness and widespread applicability.
- Surveillance Cameras: Leading hardware segment due to real-time monitoring capabilities.
- Europe: Significant market due to focus on sustainable transportation and smart city projects.
- Asia-Pacific: Rapidly growing market driven by urbanization and increasing investment in infrastructure.
Integrated Traffic System Market Product Developments
Recent product innovations focus on enhancing sensor accuracy, improving data analytics capabilities, and integrating various system components for seamless operation. The integration of AI and machine learning algorithms enables predictive traffic modeling and real-time optimization. New applications are emerging in areas like autonomous driving and smart logistics. These developments offer competitive advantages through improved efficiency, reduced congestion, and enhanced safety.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
This report comprehensively segments the Integrated Traffic System market by sensor type (Infra-Red Sensors, Weigh-in-Motion Sensors, Acoustic Sensors, Others) and hardware type (Display Boards, Radars, Surveillance Cameras, Others). Each segment’s market size, growth projections, and competitive dynamics are analyzed in detail. The Infra-Red Sensors segment is projected to witness significant growth driven by increasing demand for cost-effective solutions. The Surveillance Cameras segment benefits from its ability to provide real-time information. The Weigh-in-Motion and Acoustic sensors segments are expected to demonstrate steady growth due to their unique applications in traffic management.
Key Drivers of Integrated Traffic System Market Growth
Several factors fuel the growth of the Integrated Traffic System market. These include increasing urbanization leading to traffic congestion, government initiatives promoting smart cities and sustainable transportation, technological advancements in sensor and data analytics technologies, and rising demand for improved road safety. The growing adoption of autonomous vehicles also creates new opportunities for ITS solutions.
Challenges in the Integrated Traffic System Market Sector
The Integrated Traffic System market faces certain challenges. High initial investment costs can be a barrier to adoption, particularly for smaller municipalities. Data security and privacy concerns related to the collection and use of traffic data also present hurdles. The complexity of integrating different system components and ensuring interoperability can pose challenges. Competition from established players and new entrants further complicates the market.
Emerging Opportunities in Integrated Traffic System Market
Emerging opportunities exist in the integration of ITS with other smart city technologies, such as smart parking and public transportation systems. The development of advanced sensor technologies and the use of AI and machine learning for traffic optimization represent significant opportunities. Expanding into developing markets with growing infrastructure investment presents substantial potential for growth. The integration of ITS with autonomous vehicles is also an emerging market.
Leading Players in the Integrated Traffic System Market Market
Key Developments in Integrated Traffic System Market Industry
- Jan 2023: Sensys Gatso Group launches a new AI-powered traffic management system.
- Apr 2022: Siemens acquires a smaller ITS company, expanding its product portfolio.
- Oct 2021: Swarco partners with a technology firm to develop advanced sensor technology.
- Jul 2020: Kapsch Trafficcom wins a major contract for ITS deployment in a major city.
Strategic Outlook for Integrated Traffic System Market Market
The Integrated Traffic System market is poised for sustained growth, driven by technological advancements, increasing urbanization, and government support for smart city initiatives. The integration of AI and IoT technologies will further enhance system capabilities and create new opportunities. Companies focusing on innovation and strategic partnerships will be well-positioned to capture significant market share. Expanding into emerging markets and developing customized solutions for specific needs will be critical for success.
Integrated Traffic System Market Segmentation
-
1. Sensors
- 1.1. Infra-Red Sensors
- 1.2. Weigh in motion Sensors
- 1.3. Acoustic Sensors
- 1.4. Others
-
2. Hardware Type
- 2.1. Display Boards
- 2.2. Radars
- 2.3. Surveillance Cameras
- 2.4. Others
Integrated Traffic System Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Rest of North America
-
2. Europe
- 2.1. Germany
- 2.2. United Kingdom
- 2.3. France
- 2.4. Rest of Europe
-
3. Asia Pacific
- 3.1. India
- 3.2. China
- 3.3. Japan
- 3.4. South Korea
- 3.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
-
4. Rest of the World
- 4.1. Brazil
- 4.2. Mexico
- 4.3. United Arab Emirates
- 4.4. Other Countries
Integrated Traffic System Market Regional Market Share
Geographic Coverage of Integrated Traffic System Market
Integrated Traffic System Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 10.53% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increase in Passenger Car Sales Propelling Market Growth
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Fluctuation in Raw Material Prices
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Surveillance Camera is Expected to be the Largest Segment
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Integrated Traffic System Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 5.1.1. Infra-Red Sensors
- 5.1.2. Weigh in motion Sensors
- 5.1.3. Acoustic Sensors
- 5.1.4. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Hardware Type
- 5.2.1. Display Boards
- 5.2.2. Radars
- 5.2.3. Surveillance Cameras
- 5.2.4. Others
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.3.2. Europe
- 5.3.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.3.4. Rest of the World
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 6. North America Integrated Traffic System Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 6.1.1. Infra-Red Sensors
- 6.1.2. Weigh in motion Sensors
- 6.1.3. Acoustic Sensors
- 6.1.4. Others
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Hardware Type
- 6.2.1. Display Boards
- 6.2.2. Radars
- 6.2.3. Surveillance Cameras
- 6.2.4. Others
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 7. Europe Integrated Traffic System Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 7.1.1. Infra-Red Sensors
- 7.1.2. Weigh in motion Sensors
- 7.1.3. Acoustic Sensors
- 7.1.4. Others
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Hardware Type
- 7.2.1. Display Boards
- 7.2.2. Radars
- 7.2.3. Surveillance Cameras
- 7.2.4. Others
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 8. Asia Pacific Integrated Traffic System Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 8.1.1. Infra-Red Sensors
- 8.1.2. Weigh in motion Sensors
- 8.1.3. Acoustic Sensors
- 8.1.4. Others
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Hardware Type
- 8.2.1. Display Boards
- 8.2.2. Radars
- 8.2.3. Surveillance Cameras
- 8.2.4. Others
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 9. Rest of the World Integrated Traffic System Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 9.1.1. Infra-Red Sensors
- 9.1.2. Weigh in motion Sensors
- 9.1.3. Acoustic Sensors
- 9.1.4. Others
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Hardware Type
- 9.2.1. Display Boards
- 9.2.2. Radars
- 9.2.3. Surveillance Cameras
- 9.2.4. Others
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sensors
- 10. Competitive Analysis
- 10.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2025
- 10.2. Company Profiles
- 10.2.1 Sensys Gatso Grou
- 10.2.1.1. Overview
- 10.2.1.2. Products
- 10.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.2 Sumitomo Electric
- 10.2.2.1. Overview
- 10.2.2.2. Products
- 10.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.3 Siemens
- 10.2.3.1. Overview
- 10.2.3.2. Products
- 10.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.4 Swarco
- 10.2.4.1. Overview
- 10.2.4.2. Products
- 10.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.5 LG CNS
- 10.2.5.1. Overview
- 10.2.5.2. Products
- 10.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.6 Kapsch Trafficcom
- 10.2.6.1. Overview
- 10.2.6.2. Products
- 10.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.7 FLIR
- 10.2.7.1. Overview
- 10.2.7.2. Products
- 10.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.8 Jenoptics
- 10.2.8.1. Overview
- 10.2.8.2. Products
- 10.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.1 Sensys Gatso Grou
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Breakdown (billion, %) by Region 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: North America Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Sensors 2025 & 2033
- Figure 3: North America Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Sensors 2025 & 2033
- Figure 4: North America Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Hardware Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 5: North America Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Hardware Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 6: North America Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 7: North America Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 8: Europe Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Sensors 2025 & 2033
- Figure 9: Europe Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Sensors 2025 & 2033
- Figure 10: Europe Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Hardware Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 11: Europe Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Hardware Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 12: Europe Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 13: Europe Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 14: Asia Pacific Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Sensors 2025 & 2033
- Figure 15: Asia Pacific Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Sensors 2025 & 2033
- Figure 16: Asia Pacific Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Hardware Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 17: Asia Pacific Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Hardware Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 18: Asia Pacific Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 19: Asia Pacific Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 20: Rest of the World Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Sensors 2025 & 2033
- Figure 21: Rest of the World Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Sensors 2025 & 2033
- Figure 22: Rest of the World Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Hardware Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 23: Rest of the World Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Hardware Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 24: Rest of the World Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 25: Rest of the World Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Sensors 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Hardware Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Sensors 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Hardware Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: United States Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Canada Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: Rest of North America Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Sensors 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Hardware Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: Germany Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: United Kingdom Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 15: France Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 16: Rest of Europe Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 17: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Sensors 2020 & 2033
- Table 18: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Hardware Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 19: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 20: India Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 21: China Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 22: Japan Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 23: South Korea Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 24: Rest of Asia Pacific Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 25: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Sensors 2020 & 2033
- Table 26: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Hardware Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 27: Global Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 28: Brazil Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 29: Mexico Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 30: United Arab Emirates Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 31: Other Countries Integrated Traffic System Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Integrated Traffic System Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 10.53%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Integrated Traffic System Market?
Key companies in the market include Sensys Gatso Grou, Sumitomo Electric, Siemens, Swarco, LG CNS, Kapsch Trafficcom, FLIR, Jenoptics.
3. What are the main segments of the Integrated Traffic System Market?
The market segments include Sensors, Hardware Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 11.68 billion as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increase in Passenger Car Sales Propelling Market Growth.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Surveillance Camera is Expected to be the Largest Segment.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Fluctuation in Raw Material Prices.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in billion.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Integrated Traffic System Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Integrated Traffic System Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Integrated Traffic System Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Integrated Traffic System Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database
Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)
Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations
Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence