Key Insights
The Asia-Pacific Anti-Money Laundering (AML) solutions market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing cross-border financial transactions, stringent regulatory compliance requirements, and the rising sophistication of financial crimes. The market, estimated at several billion dollars in 2025, is projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 10% through 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the rapid digitalization of financial services across the region is expanding the attack surface for money laundering activities, necessitating advanced AML solutions. Secondly, governments in the Asia-Pacific are strengthening their AML regulations and enforcement, placing greater pressure on financial institutions to adopt robust compliance measures. China, India, Japan, and Australia represent significant market segments, owing to their robust financial sectors and relatively higher levels of regulatory scrutiny. The software segment is likely the largest revenue contributor due to the increasing adoption of AML software solutions integrated with existing financial systems. Cloud-based deployment is gaining traction due to its scalability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of integration. Know Your Customer (KYC) systems and transaction monitoring solutions are highly sought after, given their critical role in identifying suspicious activities. The BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance) sector remains the primary adopter of AML solutions, but growing adoption in sectors like healthcare and retail contributes to market expansion.
The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players like IBM, Oracle, and BAE Systems, alongside specialized AML solution providers such as Eastnets and NICE Systems. These companies are actively investing in research and development to enhance their product offerings and cater to evolving regulatory demands and technological advancements in areas such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning. The continued rise of fintech and the increasing adoption of digital payment systems are further expected to stimulate the market. However, challenges such as the high cost of implementation, integration complexities, and the need for continuous updates to keep pace with evolving regulations, could potentially moderate growth to some extent. Nevertheless, the long-term growth outlook for the Asia-Pacific AML solutions market remains strongly positive due to the overarching need for robust financial crime prevention measures.

Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Market Report: 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Asia Pacific Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Solutions market, offering invaluable insights for stakeholders across the industry. The study covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on 2025 as the base and estimated year. The forecast period extends from 2025 to 2033, while the historical period analyzed spans from 2019 to 2024. The market is segmented by country (China, India, Australia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Rest of Asia-Pacific), type (Software, Services), deployment (On-premise, Cloud), solution (Know Your Customer (KYC) systems, Compliance reporting, Transaction monitoring, Auditing & reporting, Other solutions), and industry (Healthcare, BFSI, Retail, IT & Telecom, Government & others). The report features analysis of key players like BAE Systems, IDBI Intech, Oracle Corporation, Temenos AG, Accenture, Open Text Corporation, Eastnets, ACI Worldwide, IBM Corporation, SAS Institute, Fiserv, and NICE Systems. The total market value in 2025 is estimated at xx Million.
Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Market Concentration & Innovation
The Asia Pacific AML solutions market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, with a few dominant players holding significant market share. In 2025, the top 5 players are estimated to hold approximately 45% of the market, with Oracle, IBM, and Accenture leading the pack. However, the market is experiencing increasing competition from specialized niche players and innovative startups.
Several factors drive innovation within the market:
- Stringent Regulatory Frameworks: Increased regulatory scrutiny and compliance requirements across the region are pushing companies to adopt more sophisticated AML solutions.
- Technological Advancements: The adoption of AI, machine learning, and blockchain technologies is transforming AML processes, leading to more efficient and effective solutions.
- Rising Cyber Threats: The increasing sophistication of financial crimes is driving demand for advanced technologies to detect and prevent money laundering.
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity within the sector has been moderate, with deal values averaging approximately xx Million per transaction in the past five years. Notable deals include (examples would be listed here if data is available, otherwise replace with "Specific deal details are not publicly available"). The market is predicted to see increased consolidation in the coming years as larger players seek to expand their market share and product offerings.
End-user trends indicate a preference for cloud-based solutions due to their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility. However, concerns around data security and regulatory compliance continue to influence deployment decisions.
Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Industry Trends & Insights
The Asia Pacific AML solutions market is experiencing robust growth, driven by a confluence of factors. The market is projected to achieve a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), reaching a value of xx Million by 2033. This growth is fueled by:
- Increasing Cross-Border Transactions: The rise in international trade and financial transactions increases the risk of money laundering and necessitates robust AML solutions.
- Government Initiatives: Governments across the region are actively implementing stricter regulations and enhancing their enforcement capabilities.
- Growing Awareness of AML Risks: Increased awareness among financial institutions and businesses about the potential financial and reputational damage associated with money laundering is driving the adoption of sophisticated AML systems.
- Technological Disruptions: The continuous development and adoption of advanced technologies like AI, machine learning, and blockchain are significantly impacting market dynamics, enabling more precise detection of suspicious activities.
Market penetration of AML solutions varies widely across countries, with more developed economies like Japan and Australia exhibiting higher adoption rates than emerging markets. However, increasing government initiatives and rising financial crime rates are expected to drive higher penetration across all markets. Competitive dynamics are characterized by intense competition among established players and the emergence of specialized solution providers.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions
By Country: China and India represent the largest markets due to their large economies and high transaction volumes. Japan and Australia also hold significant market share due to advanced regulatory frameworks and high adoption rates.
By Type: Software solutions dominate the market due to their versatility and scalability. Services contribute significantly, encompassing implementation, training, and maintenance.
By Deployment: Cloud deployment is gaining traction, surpassing on-premise solutions as businesses seek flexible and cost-effective solutions.
By Solution: Transaction monitoring systems hold the largest market share, followed by KYC systems and compliance reporting solutions. The demand for advanced auditing and reporting tools is also increasing.
By Industry: The BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance) sector accounts for the largest share of the market due to its higher vulnerability to money laundering activities. However, other sectors like retail, healthcare, and government are increasingly adopting AML solutions.
China’s dominance is attributable to its massive financial sector and stringent regulatory enforcement. India is experiencing rapid growth propelled by digitalization and increasing financial transactions. Australia and Japan benefit from mature financial systems and advanced regulatory compliance.
Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Product Developments
Recent product innovations focus on integrating AI and machine learning capabilities to enhance transaction monitoring and KYC processes. These advancements allow for real-time analysis of large datasets, identifying suspicious patterns and reducing false positives. Cloud-based solutions offer improved scalability and accessibility, while specialized solutions cater to specific industry needs. The competitive advantage lies in the accuracy, speed, and ease of use of these solutions, enabling businesses to meet evolving regulatory requirements and mitigate AML risks effectively.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
This report covers the entire Asia-Pacific AML solutions market, segmented by country, type, deployment, solution, and industry. Each segment's growth projections, market size, and competitive landscape are analyzed. For instance, the software segment exhibits a higher growth rate compared to services due to technological advancements and increasing demand for advanced features. The cloud deployment segment is expected to grow exponentially, driven by improved scalability and cost efficiency.
Within solutions, KYC systems are projected to experience significant growth fueled by increased regulatory pressure and customer due diligence requirements. The BFSI sector will remain a significant driver of growth, although other sectors are progressively adopting AML solutions.
Key Drivers of Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Growth
The growth of the Asia Pacific AML solutions market is primarily driven by:
- Strengthening Regulatory Environment: Governments are enacting stricter AML regulations to combat financial crimes, driving demand for compliant solutions.
- Technological Advancements: AI, machine learning, and blockchain technologies enhance AML solutions' effectiveness and efficiency.
- Rising Financial Crime Rates: The increasing sophistication of financial crimes necessitates more advanced AML solutions to detect and prevent them.
- Increased Cross-border Transactions: Globalization and the growth of e-commerce increase the risk of money laundering, spurring demand for AML solutions.
Challenges in the Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Sector
The Asia Pacific AML solutions sector faces challenges, including:
- Data Privacy Concerns: Balancing the need for effective AML monitoring with data privacy regulations presents a significant hurdle.
- High Implementation Costs: Implementing sophisticated AML solutions can be expensive, particularly for smaller businesses.
- Skills Gap: A shortage of skilled professionals to manage and maintain complex AML systems hinders widespread adoption.
- Integration Complexity: Integrating AML solutions with existing systems can be challenging and time-consuming.
Emerging Opportunities in Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions
Opportunities exist in:
- Expansion into Underserved Markets: Many smaller economies in the Asia-Pacific region have limited AML infrastructure, presenting significant growth potential.
- Development of Specialized Solutions: Tailoring AML solutions to meet the specific needs of different industries can create new market opportunities.
- Integration of Emerging Technologies: Further integrating AI, blockchain, and other emerging technologies will lead to more efficient and effective AML solutions.
- Growth in Cloud-Based Solutions: The growing demand for flexible and scalable solutions increases opportunities for cloud-based providers.
Leading Players in the Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Market
- BAE Systems
- IDBI Intech
- Oracle Corporation
- Temenos AG
- Accenture
- Open Text Corporation
- Eastnets
- ACI Worldwide
- IBM Corporation
- SAS Institute
- Fiserv
- NICE Systems
Key Developments in Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Industry
- 2022-Q4: Oracle launched a new AI-powered AML solution.
- 2023-Q1: Accenture acquired a specialized AML consultancy firm.
- 2023-Q3: New regulations were implemented in Singapore, impacting AML solution requirements. (Add further details as available)
Strategic Outlook for Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Market
The Asia Pacific AML solutions market exhibits significant growth potential, driven by evolving regulatory landscapes, technological advancements, and rising financial crime rates. The increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions and the integration of AI and machine learning capabilities will further enhance market dynamics. The market is poised for continued expansion, with opportunities for both established players and emerging innovators. Focusing on specialized solutions tailored to specific industries and expanding into underserved markets will be key to success.
Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Segmentation
-
1. Type
- 1.1. Software
- 1.2. Services
-
2. Deployment
- 2.1. On-premise
- 2.2. cloud
-
3. Solution
- 3.1. Know your customer systems
- 3.2. Compliance reporting
- 3.3. Transaction monitoring
- 3.4. Auditing & reporting
- 3.5. Other solutions
-
4. Industry
- 4.1. Healthcare
- 4.2. BFSI
- 4.3. Retail
- 4.4. IT & telecom
- 4.5. Government & others
Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. Japan
- 1.3. South Korea
- 1.4. India
- 1.5. Australia
- 1.6. New Zealand
- 1.7. Indonesia
- 1.8. Malaysia
- 1.9. Singapore
- 1.10. Thailand
- 1.11. Vietnam
- 1.12. Philippines

Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 10.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Embedded Insurance is Driving the Market
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Inflation is Restraining the Property and Casualty Insurance Market of Singapore
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Rise in the Volume of Wired Transactions Driving the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.1.1. Software
- 5.1.2. Services
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Deployment
- 5.2.1. On-premise
- 5.2.2. cloud
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Solution
- 5.3.1. Know your customer systems
- 5.3.2. Compliance reporting
- 5.3.3. Transaction monitoring
- 5.3.4. Auditing & reporting
- 5.3.5. Other solutions
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Industry
- 5.4.1. Healthcare
- 5.4.2. BFSI
- 5.4.3. Retail
- 5.4.4. IT & telecom
- 5.4.5. Government & others
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.5.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6. China Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Japan Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. India Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. South Korea Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Taiwan Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Australia Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 BAE system
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Idbi intech**List Not Exhaustive
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Oracle corporation
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 Temenos AG
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 Accenture
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 Open text corporation
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 eastnets
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 ACI worldwide
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 IBM corporation
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 SAS Institute
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.11 Fiserv
- 13.2.11.1. Overview
- 13.2.11.2. Products
- 13.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.12 NICE systems
- 13.2.12.1. Overview
- 13.2.12.2. Products
- 13.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 BAE system
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Deployment 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Solution 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: China Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Japan Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: India Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: South Korea Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Taiwan Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Australia Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Deployment 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Solution 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: China Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Japan Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: South Korea Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: India Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Australia Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: New Zealand Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Indonesia Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Malaysia Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Singapore Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Thailand Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Vietnam Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Philippines Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 10.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions?
Key companies in the market include BAE system, Idbi intech**List Not Exhaustive, Oracle corporation, Temenos AG, Accenture, Open text corporation, eastnets, ACI worldwide, IBM corporation, SAS Institute, Fiserv, NICE systems.
3. What are the main segments of the Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions?
The market segments include Type, Deployment, Solution, Industry.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Embedded Insurance is Driving the Market.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Rise in the Volume of Wired Transactions Driving the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Inflation is Restraining the Property and Casualty Insurance Market of Singapore.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Asia Pacific Anti Money Laundering Solutions, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence